Deception requiring review by the IRB include circumstances in which participants are told things that are not true, and experimental situations in which research staff present themselves as participants. Withholding information about hypotheses and other specific matters that are being observed is not usually considered active deception, although there may be exceptions. Research proposals should generally avoid using the word “deception” in describing their procedures. Rather the specifics of what will be said (a “script”) or done should be included.